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%sp check 02/25/2013
\Chapter{\uppercase{Results and Analysis}} \label{ch:results}
% I decided to combine this chapter with the analysis chapter because it is so short
% The literature review gave a context of the current knowledge regarding the auroral ionosphere.  
This chapter forms the heart of this dissertation, the presentation of data obtained from the ACES sounding rocket mission.
The data sets that will be presented are of importances for understanding the electrodynamic structure of the auroral ionosphere.    %primarily on the data obtained by the ACES payloads of electrodynamics within the auroral ionosphere.  
The launch conditions and flight anomalies will be discussed to place into context the quality of the data obtained during the flights.  
The results from this chapter have been presented at a variety of American Geophysical Union meetings, Geospace Environment Model (GEM) workshops, and a Chapman Conference held in Fairbanks, Alaska in 2011.  
The data presentation in this chapter follows very closely from the Chapman Conference paper \citet{Kaeppler_et_al:2012}.  


\section{Flight}
\subsection{Launch Conditions and Flight Performance}
ACES High and Low successfully launched from Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska on January 29, 2009 at 09:49:40.0 UT and 09:51:10.0 UT, respectively.  
The overall geomagnetic conditions preceding the launch were very quiet as a result of the launch window being near the 2008-2009 solar minimum.   
The payloads were launched into a dynamic multiple-arc aurora located north of Ft. Yukon, Alaska, which was the approximate apogee location of both payloads.  
Figure (\ref{fig:ground_mag}) shows the ground based magnetometer time series data that indicated a 100 nT deflection in the H-component observed at Ft. Yukon, which suggested that the event was likely a substorm with an electrojet.  
These observations suggested that a large-scale current system was present.  
The launch time of both payloads was approximately 2300 MLT which was in the evening-midnight MLT sector.  

% [radar observations???, include lon/lat figure]
% \subsection{Flight Performance}
The Altitude Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic Model (AACGM) \citep{Baker:Wing:1989} was used to produce the magnetic mapping presented in Figure (\ref{fig:alt_lat}) that shows the times when the payloads crossed conjugate magnetic field lines that map down to ionospheric footpoints at an altitude of 110 km.    
This magnetic field mapping between ACES High and ACES Low formed the means by which to compare observations between both payloads.  
ACES High reached an apogee of 360 km, and ACES Low attained an apogee of 130 km. 
The maximum longitudinal separation that mapped down to footpoints at 110 km between both payloads was 23 km at the end of the ACES Low flight.    

The mission was successful, although a few issues arose that affected the data gathered on each payload.  
The ACES High payload had good attitude control system performance and coned with a half angle of $\mathrm{3^{\circ}}$.
However, due to a gas valve leak in the attitude control system, ACES Low coned at a much larger half angle of $\mathrm{13^{\circ}}$.   
The EEPAA on ACES High had a failure in the energy sweep electronics, that truncated the full sweep range to energies less than 500 eV rather than the planned 16 keV.  % Therefore, the peak energy observed on ACES High was 500 eV, as opposed to the full 16 keV.  


\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
%  \includegraphics[width=6in, keepaspectratio=true]{figures/ch4_results/ground_mag_update.pdf}
\caption {This is the time series data showing the ground-based magnetometer observations from Fort Yukon, Alaska. 
The H-component of the magnetometer is associated with the electrojet current systems.    
Large gradients in the H-component correspond to large-scale currents.}
\label{fig:ground_mag}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=5in, keepaspectratio=true]{figures/ch4_results/alt_lat.pdf}
\caption {ACES High and Low trajectories plotted as functions of altitude and geographic latitude. Dashed lines are magnetic field lines mapped to footpoints at 110 km.  
The times in the figure indicate when both payloads crossed the same magnetic field footpoint, respectively.}
\label{fig:alt_lat}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


\section{All-Sky data and Conjugate Data}
The top row in Figure (\ref{all_data}) are the spectrograms of the electron differential energy flux, with the x-axis being time, the y-axis is energy, and the z-axis is the flux intensity in color.  
The two middle rows in Figure (\ref{all_data}) are the zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) DC electric fields after being transformed into a geomagnetic field-aligned coordinate system.  
The final three rows in Figure (\ref{all_data}) present the residual DC magnetic field components in geomagnetic field-aligned coordinates after a third-order polynomial fit was applied to remove the Earth's mean magnetic field.  
The entire ACES Low data interval, in the right side of the Figure (\ref{all_data}), is represented by the black line in the margin of the ACES High data, and this interval represents the conjugate magnetic field lines that were eventually traversed by ACES Low.  
There was approximately 1 minute of conjugate data coverage between both payloads.  

\begin{sidewaysfigure} 
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6.0in]{figures/ch4_results/all_data_03012012.pdf}
\caption{{\bf Left Column:} ACES High Data; {\bf Right Column:} ACES Low Data.  {\bf Row 1:} Electron Differential Energy Flux; {\bf Row 2-3:} DC Electric Field Data; {\bf Row 4-6:} Residual Magnetic Field Components.  
The electric field and residual magnetic field contain dashed lines at zero and the positive direction represented eastward (zonal), northward (meridional), and field-aligned, respectively. Gray bands are regions where data are not available.  The black line in the ACES Low differential electron energy flux represents the maximum energy observed by ACES High of 500 eV.  }
\label{all_data}
  \end{center}
\end{sidewaysfigure}

Figure (\ref{fig:all_sky}) presents a montage of six all-sky images, from the Fort Yukon all-sky imager, depicting the auroral evolution during the flights. 
These images show the magnetic footpoints of ACES High and ACES Low, especially during the time frame of conjugate data coverage between the payloads.    
\begin{sidewaysfigure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[height=5.0in]{figures/ch4_results/all_sky_all_02102012.jpg}
\caption{The images from the Fort Yukon all-sky imager showing the evolution of the auroral event on January 29, 2009.  The footpoints for ACES High and Low after being mapped to 110 km are represented by a red square and blue dot, respectively}
\label{fig:all_sky}
 \end{centering}
\end{sidewaysfigure}




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